Thanks to the public release of SITVIT2 which is currently the largest international multimarker genotyping database with a compilation of 111,635 clinical isolates from 169 countries of patient origin (131 countries of isolation, representing 1032 cities), our major aim is to highlight macro- and micro-geographical cleavages and phylogeographical specificities of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) clones worldwide. We also make all the available information accessible through a dedicated website (available at ).
In order to provide a global overview of genotypic, epidemiologic, demographic, phylogeographical, and drug resistance characteristics related to the prevailing tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, we hereby report an update of the 6th version of the international genotyping database SITVIT2.
(vi) Although isolates belonging to the S lineage constituted a very low proportion of strains in present study, we noticed that these isolates were more frequently associated to drug-resistance in the Caribbean and in Central America.
(iii) As opposed to the AFRI lineage, the Cameroon lineage was linked with drug resistant-TB in West and Central Africa (iv) EAI lineage was significantly associated to drug resistant-TB in North Africa, whereas this was not the case in Western and Southern Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and Western Europe (v) CAS lineage which could be the ancestor of Beijing family (Rastogi and Sola, 2007), was significantly associated with drug resistant-TB in Southern Asia, North Africa, and East Africa (specially Ethiopia) but not in Western Asia and Northern Europe. (i) LAM and Haarlem (which are usually related to pansusceptible-TB in other regions), were found to be significantly associated to drug resistant-TB strains in the Caribbean (ii) As recently shown for Beijing lineage (Couvin and Rastogi, 2015), the association of Beijing isolates to drug resistance varied significantly depending on the region of isolation. Since FQs and ethambutol have been used in multi-drug therapy for tuberculosis, WQ-3810 might represent a new, potent anti-tuberculosis drug that can be effective even against FQ-resistant Mtb strains. However, the combination of WQ-3810 and ethambutol showed the greatest degree of synergistic activity against recombinant strains. In contrast, the FQ susceptibility test showed that WQ-3810 had relatively weak mycobactericidal activity compared with moxifloxacin. Furthermore, WQ-3810 showed inhibition even against a DNA gyrase variant harboring a G88C mutation which is thought to confer the highest resistance against FQs in clinical Mtb isolates. WQ-3810 showed a higher inhibitory activity than levofloxacin against most recombinant DNA gyrases with FQ-resistance mutations. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin strains in which gyrase-coding genes were replaced with Mtb variants containing resistance-conferring mutations. In addition, in vitro antimycobacterial activity of WQ-3810 was evaluated against recombinant Mtb var. Herein we examined the efficacy of WQ-3810 against Mtb through the use of recombinant Mtb DNA gyrases. WQ-3810 is a newly developed FQ that is highly active against FQ-resistant pathogens however, its activity against Mtb has not been evaluated. Our results suggest that despite a high proportion of reactivation of latent TB infection in elderly Italian-born patients, active TB transmission between foreign-born and Italian patients may be ongoing, and argue in favor of an increased TB surveillance among immigrants to combat TB epidemic in Italy.įluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), caused by amino acid substitutions in DNA gyrase, has been increasingly reported worldwide. 46.4% of cases) predominated among Italians while younger age groups prevailed among foreign-born patients. Overall, 410 (58.16%) strains were isolated from foreign-born patients, while 295 (41.84%) were isolated from Italian patients. Six spoligotyping clusters with suspected phylogeographical specificity for imported cases, were typed by 15-loci MIRUs for a finer characterization. Strains were genotyped using spoligotyping followed by comparison with international genotyping database SITVIT2. Italian patients on prevailing TB epidemiology. tuberculosis strains isolated from 2006 to 2009 in Veneto, a North-Eastern Italian region, to see the impact of foreign-born cases vs. Recent reports have suggested a change of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity in Western Europe due to an increasing proportion of imported cases of tuberculosis (TB).